1.通過yum 方式 安裝quota
#yum install quota
2.VirtualBox創(chuàng)建硬盤
如果你的Linux環(huán)境建立在VirtualBox下：
（1）關(guān)閉虛擬機(jī)鏡像
點(diǎn)擊setting 配置虛擬機(jī)所使用的硬件
（2）配置新硬盤
選擇Create new disk
選擇VHD （virtual hard disk）
輸入硬盤鏡像名字
（3）格式化硬盤
進(jìn)入linux，使用命令創(chuàng)建硬盤進(jìn)行格式化
#mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb
（4）為硬盤空間尋找目錄
#mount /dev/sdb /home
如果有需要長期掛著，請自行百度如何修改/etc/fstab，本人修改多次，讓系統(tǒng)多次崩潰，最終放棄，選擇在 vi /etc/rc.local 里面，業(yè)余的加入 mount /dev/sdb /home 這條命令。
3.格式化新創(chuàng)建的硬盤
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.41.12 (12-Apr-2016)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
524288 inodes, 2097152 blocks
104857 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2147483648
64 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
掛在硬盤到/home目錄
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb /home/
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
[root@localhost ~]# mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
/dev/sdb on /home type ext4 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
為系統(tǒng)設(shè)置啟動后自動掛載硬盤
[root@localhost ~]#vi /etc/rc.local
添加
mount /dev/sdb /home
mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
備注：本人并沒有采取修改/etc/fstab 的方法，因?yàn)樵摲椒ㄈ菀滓驗(yàn)檩斎氲淖址蚋袷讲粚?dǎo)致系統(tǒng)崩潰，所以采取了修改用戶啟動文件的方法
4.配置quota
[root@localhost ~]#quotacheck -avug 對整個系統(tǒng)含有 usrquota, grpquota 參數(shù)的文件系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行 quotacheck 掃描
quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb [/home] done
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files
quotacheck: Cannot create new quotafile /home/aquota.user.new: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot initialize IO on new quotafile: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot create new quotafile /home/aquota.group.new: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot initialize IO on new quotafile: Permission denied
出現(xiàn)報錯，報錯原因是因?yàn)闆]有關(guān)閉selinux
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# quotacheck -avug
quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb [/home] done
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files
quotacheck: Old file not found.
quotacheck: Old file not found.
成功生成
[root@localhost ~]#quotaon -auvg 啟動quota
5.為用戶添加硬盤空間限制
創(chuàng)建賬戶
[root@localhost ~]# useradd quotauser1
[root@localhost ~]# passwd quotauser1
[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u quotauser1
Disk quotas for user quotauser1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sdb 16 500000 600000 4 0 0
限制用戶quotauser1的使用空間為500M，最大限制是600M
參數(shù)意義參考
soft ：這是最低限制容量的意思，使用者在寬限期間之內(nèi)，他的容量可以超過 soft ，但必需要寬限時間之內(nèi)將磁盤容量降低到 soft 的容量限制之下！
hard ：這是『絕對不能超過』的容量！跟 soft 相比的意思為何呢？通常 hard limit 會比 soft limit 為高，例如網(wǎng)絡(luò)磁盤空間為 30 MB ，那么 hard limit 就設(shè)定為 30MB ，但是為了讓使用者有一定的警戒心，所以當(dāng)使用空間超過 25 MB 時，例如使用者使用了 27 MB 的空間時，那么系統(tǒng)就會警告使用者，讓使用者可以在『寬限時間內(nèi)』將他的檔案量降低至 25 MB ( 亦即是 soft limit )之內(nèi)！也就是說， soft 到 hard 之間的容量其實(shí)就是寬限的容量啦！可以達(dá)到針對使用者的『警示』作用！
寬限時間：那么寬限時間就可以很清楚的知道含意是什么了！也就是當(dāng)您的使用者使用的空間超過了 soft limit ，卻還沒有到達(dá) hard limit 時，那么在這個『寬限時間』之內(nèi)，就必需要請使用者將使用的磁盤容量降低到 soft limit 之下！而當(dāng)使用者將磁盤容量使用情況超過 soft limit 時，『寬限時間』就會自動被啟動，而在使用者將容量降低到 soft limit 之下，那么寬限時間就會自動的取消啰！
6.測試
登陸quotauser1
創(chuàng)建超過600M的文件
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=700
sdb: warning, user block quota exceeded.
sdb: write failed, user block limit reached.
dd: writing `bigfile': Disk quota exceeded
586+0 records in
585+0 records out
614379520 bytes (614 MB) copied, 2.75934 s, 223 MB/s
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ ls
bigfile
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ ls -l
total 599984
-rw-rw-r--. 1 quotauser1 quotauser1 614379520 Sep 28 03:28 bigfile
可以發(fā)現(xiàn)文件的大小被限制了
