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基于Oracle閃回詳解(必看篇)

Oracle 9i 開始支持閃回，Oracle10g開始全面支持閃回功能，Oracle11g有所完善，為大家快速的恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)，查詢歷史數(shù)據(jù)提供了很大的便捷方法。

本文主要對Oracle常用閃回使用做些詳細介紹，其中對于不常用的事務(wù)和版本閃回，這里就不做介紹

一、Oracle閃回概述

閃回級別	閃回場景	閃回技術(shù)	對象依賴	影響數(shù)據(jù)
數(shù)據(jù)庫	表截斷、邏輯錯誤、其他多表意外事件	閃回DATABASE	閃回日志、undo	是
DROP	刪除表	閃回DROP	回收站(recyclebin)	是
表	更新、刪除、插入記錄	閃回TABLE	還原數(shù)據(jù),undo	是
查詢	當前數(shù)據(jù)和歷史數(shù)據(jù)對比	閃回QUERY	還原數(shù)據(jù),undo	否
版本查詢	比較行版本	閃回Version Query	還原數(shù)據(jù),undo	否
事務(wù)查詢	比較	閃回Transaction Query	還原數(shù)據(jù),undo	否
歸檔	DDL、DML	閃回Archive	歸檔日志	是

二、Oracle閃回使用詳解

1、閃回開啟

(1)開啟閃回必要條件

a.開啟歸檔日志

SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination /home/U01/app/oracle/oradata/testdb/arch
Oldest online log sequence 844
Next log sequence to archive 846
Current log sequence 846

##如未開啟，在mount狀態(tài)執(zhí)行alter database archivelog;

b.設(shè)置合理的閃回區(qū)

db_recovery_file_dest：指定閃回恢復(fù)區(qū)的位置

db_recovery_file_dest_size：指定閃回恢復(fù)區(qū)的可用空間大小

db_flashback_retention_target：指定數(shù)據(jù)庫可以回退的時間，單位為分鐘，默認1440分鐘(1天),實際取決于閃回區(qū)大小

(2)檢查是否開啟閃回

SQL> select flashback_on from v$database;
FLASHBACK_ON
------------------
NO

(3)開啟閃回

a.開啟歸檔

mount狀態(tài)：alter database archivelog;

b.設(shè)置閃回區(qū)

SQL> alter system set db_recovery_file_dest='/home/U01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area' scope=both;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=60G scope=both;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set db_flashback_retention_target=4320 scope=both;
System altered.

c.開啟flashback (10g在mount開啟)

SQL> alter database flashback on;
Database altered.

(4)確定閃回開啟

SQL> select flashback_on from v$database;
FLASHBACK_ON
------------------
YES

(5)關(guān)閉閃回

SQL> alter database flashback off;
Database altered.

2、閃回使用

(1)閃回查詢

閃回查詢主要是根據(jù)Undo表空間數(shù)據(jù)進行多版本查詢，針對v$和x$動態(tài)性能視圖無效，但對DBA_、ALL_、USER_是有效的

a.閃回查詢

允許用戶查詢過去某個時間點的數(shù)據(jù)，用以重構(gòu)由于意外刪除或更改的數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)不會變化。

SQL> select * from scott.dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
RESEARCH DALLAS
SALES CHICAGO
OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL> delete from scott.dept where deptno=40;
row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from scott.dept as of timestamp sysdate-10/1440;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
RESEARCH DALLAS
SALES CHICAGO
OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL> select * from scott.dept as of timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 16:20:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
RESEARCH DALLAS
SALES CHICAGO
OPERATIONS BOSTON

SQL> select * from scott.dept as of scn 16801523;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
RESEARCH DALLAS
SALES CHICAGO
OPERATIONS BOSTON

b.閃回版本查詢

用于查詢行級數(shù)據(jù)庫隨時間變化的方法

c.閃回事務(wù)查詢

用于提供查看事務(wù)級別數(shù)據(jù)庫變化的方法

(2)閃回表(update/insert/delete)

閃回表就是對表的數(shù)據(jù)做回退，回退到之前的某個時間點，其利用的是undo的歷史數(shù)據(jù)，與undo_retention設(shè)置有關(guān)，默認是14400分鐘（1天）

同樣，sys用戶表空間不支持閃回表,要想表閃回，需要允許表啟動行遷移(row movement)

閃回表示例：

SQL> flashback table scott.dept to timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 16:20:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
flashback table scott.dept to timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 16:20:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-08189: cannot flashback the table because row movement is not enabled

SQL> select row_movement from dba_tables where table_name='DEPT' and owner='SCOTT';
ROW_MOVE
--------
DISABLED
SQL> alter table scott.dept enable row movement;
Table altered.

SQL> flashback table scott.dept to timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 16:20:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
Flashback complete.
SQL> select * from scott.dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
RESEARCH DALLAS
SALES CHICAGO
OPERATIONS BOSTON  
SQL> alter table scott.dept disable row movement;
Table altered.

(3)閃回DROP(drop table)

當一個表被drop掉，表會被放入recyclebin回收站，可通過回收站做表的閃回。表上的索引、約束等同樣會被恢復(fù)

不支持sys/system用戶表空間對象，可通過alter system set recyclebin=off;關(guān)閉回收站功能

閃回DROP示例：

SQL> select * from t ;

ID NAME
---------- ---------------------------------------
2
4

SQL> drop table t;

Table dropped.

SQL> show recyclebin;
ORIGINAL NAME RECYCLEBIN NAME OBJECT TYPE DROP TIME
---------------- ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------
T BIN$YEh2QcvZdJLgUxyAgQpnVQ==$0 TABLE 2017-12-14:15:02:06
SQL> flashback table t to before drop;

Flashback complete.

SQL> select * from t;

ID NAME
---------- -------------------------------------
2
4

備注：即使不開始flashback，只要開啟了recyclebin，那么就可以閃回DROP表。

但如果連續(xù)覆蓋，就需要指定恢復(fù)的表名，如果已經(jīng)存在表，則需要恢復(fù)重命名。

SQL> show recyclebin;
ORIGINAL NAME RECYCLEBIN NAME OBJECT TYPE DROP TIME
---------------- ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------
T BIN$YEh2QcvddJLgUxyAgQpnVQ==$0 TABLE 2017-12-14:15:07:54
T BIN$YEh2QcvcdJLgUxyAgQpnVQ==$0 TABLE 2017-12-14:15:07:27
SQL> flashback table "BIN$YEh2QcvcdJLgUxyAgQpnVQ==$0" to before drop ;
Flashback complete.
SQL> show recyclebin;
ORIGINAL NAME RECYCLEBIN NAME OBJECT TYPE DROP TIME
---------------- ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------
T BIN$YEh2QcvddJLgUxyAgQpnVQ==$0 TABLE 2017-12-14:15:07:54
SQL> flashback table t to before drop rename to tt;
Flashback complete.

(4)閃回數(shù)據(jù)庫(truncate/多表數(shù)據(jù)變更)

數(shù)據(jù)庫閃回必須在mounted狀態(tài)下進行，基于快照的可以再open下進行閃回庫

閃回數(shù)據(jù)庫主要是將數(shù)據(jù)庫還原值過去的某個時間點或SCN，用于數(shù)據(jù)庫出現(xiàn)邏輯錯誤時，需要open database resetlogs

a.全庫閃回

數(shù)據(jù)庫閃回示例

SQL> select * from scott.EMP;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 7902 1980-12-17 00:00:00 800 20
ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-20 00:00:00 1600 300 30
WARD SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-22 00:00:00 1250 500 30
JONES MANAGER 7839 1981-04-02 00:00:00 2975 20
MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-28 00:00:00 1250 1400 30
BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1981-05-01 00:00:00 2850 30
CLARK MANAGER 7839 1981-06-09 00:00:00 2450 10
SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1987-04-19 00:00:00 3000 20
KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 00:00:00 5000 10
TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-08 00:00:00 1500 0 30
ADAMS CLERK 7788 1987-05-23 00:00:00 1100 20
JAMES CLERK 7698 1981-12-03 00:00:00 950 30
FORD ANALYST 7566 1981-12-03 00:00:00 3000 20
MILLER CLERK 7782 1982-01-23 00:00:00 1300 10
rows selected.

SQL> truncate table scott.EMP;

Table truncated.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 9.4067E+10 bytes
Fixed Size 2263936 bytes
Variable Size 9395242112 bytes
Database Buffers 8.4557E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers 112766976 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> flashback database to timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 14:12:46','yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS');

Flashback complete.
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;

Database altered.

SQL> select * from scott.emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 7902 1980-12-17 00:00:00 800 20
ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-20 00:00:00 1600 300 30
WARD SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-22 00:00:00 1250 500 30
JONES MANAGER 7839 1981-04-02 00:00:00 2975 20
MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-28 00:00:00 1250 1400 30
BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1981-05-01 00:00:00 2850 30
CLARK MANAGER 7839 1981-06-09 00:00:00 2450 10
SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1987-04-19 00:00:00 3000 20
KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 00:00:00 5000 10
TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-08 00:00:00 1500 0 30
ADAMS CLERK 7788 1987-05-23 00:00:00 1100 20
JAMES CLERK 7698 1981-12-03 00:00:00 950 30
FORD ANALYST 7566 1981-12-03 00:00:00 3000 20
MILLER CLERK 7782 1982-01-23 00:00:00 1300 10
rows selected.

b.快照閃回

針對主庫和備庫都可以創(chuàng)建閃回快照點，然后恢復(fù)到指定的快照點，但主庫一旦恢復(fù)到快照點，備庫的同步則需要重新同步

SQL> select * from scott.dept;

  DEPTNO DNAME     LOC      ADDR
---------- -------------- ------------- ------------------------------
ACCOUNTING   NEW YORK
RESEARCH    DALLAS
SALES     CHICAGO
    
SQL> create restore point before_201712151111 guarantee flashback database;
Restore point created.

SQL> create table scott.t as select * from scott.dept;
Table created.

SQL> truncate table scott.t;
Table truncated.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 9.4067E+10 bytes
Fixed Size         2263936 bytes
Variable Size      9663677568 bytes
Database Buffers     8.4289E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers       112766976 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> flashback database to restore point before_201712151111;
Flashback complete.
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.

此時主庫scott.t已不存在：
SQL> select * from scott.t;
select * from scott.t
          *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
此時從庫的scott.依舊存在，主備同步終止
解決方案：在主庫創(chuàng)建快照時間點，從庫自動停止應(yīng)用日志，等主庫閃回后，重新應(yīng)用日志即可。
如果已經(jīng)做了上述操作，從庫可以選擇重建
ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE '/xx/xx/archive.dbf';

c.閃回snapshot standby

此功能在11GR2非常實用，可自動創(chuàng)建閃回點、開啟閃回日志，可完成線上數(shù)據(jù)測試后，然后做數(shù)據(jù)庫閃回恢復(fù)主備關(guān)系

select scn, STORAGE_SIZE ,to_char(time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') time,NAME from v$restore_point;
select database_role,open_mode,db_unique_name,flashback_on from v$database;

SQL> set line 200;
SQL> set pagesize 2000;
SQL> select database_role,open_mode,db_unique_name,flashback_on from v$database;

DATABASE_ROLE  OPEN_MODE      DB_UNIQUE_NAME         FLASHBACK_ON
---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY      testdbms            NO


SQL> ALTER DATABASE CONVERT TO SNAPSHOT STANDBY; 

Database altered.

SQL> select database_role,open_mode,db_unique_name,flashback_on from v$database;

DATABASE_ROLE  OPEN_MODE      DB_UNIQUE_NAME         FLASHBACK_ON
---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------
SNAPSHOT STANDBY MOUNTED       testdbms            RESTORE POINT ONLY

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> select open_mode from v$database;

OPEN_MODE
--------------------
READ WRITE


此時備庫操作：
SQL> select * from scott.emp;

   EMPNO ENAME   JOB       MGR HIREDATE          SAL    COMM   DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH   CLERK      7902 1980-12-17 00:00:00    800          20
ALLEN   SALESMAN    7698 1981-02-20 00:00:00    1600    300     30
WARD    SALESMAN    7698 1981-02-22 00:00:00    1250    500     30
JONES   MANAGER     7839 1981-04-02 00:00:00    2975          20
MARTIN   SALESMAN    7698 1981-09-28 00:00:00    1250    1400     30
BLAKE   MANAGER     7839 1981-05-01 00:00:00    2850          30
CLARK   MANAGER     7839 1981-06-09 00:00:00    2450          10
SCOTT   ANALYST     7566 1987-04-19 00:00:00    3000          20
KING    PRESIDENT      1981-11-17 00:00:00    5000          10
TURNER   SALESMAN    7698 1981-09-08 00:00:00    1500     0     30
ADAMS   CLERK      7788 1987-05-23 00:00:00    1100          20
JAMES   CLERK      7698 1981-12-03 00:00:00    950          30
FORD    ANALYST     7566 1981-12-03 00:00:00    3000          20
MILLER   CLERK      7782 1982-01-23 00:00:00    1300          10
rows selected.

SQL> truncate table scott.emp;

Table truncated.

主庫操作：
SQL> create table scott.t as select * from scott.dept;

Table created.

SQL> select * from scott.t;

  DEPTNO DNAME     LOC      ADDR
---------- -------------- ------------- ------------------------------
ACCOUNTING   NEW YORK
RESEARCH    DALLAS
SALES     CHICAGO

備庫恢復(fù)到物理standby
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 9.4067E+10 bytes
Fixed Size         2263936 bytes
Variable Size      9663677568 bytes
Database Buffers     8.4289E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers       112766976 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> ALTER DATABASE CONVERT TO PHYSICAL STANDBY; 

Database altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
ORA-01507: database not mounted


ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup ;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 9.4067E+10 bytes
Fixed Size         2263936 bytes
Variable Size      9663677568 bytes
Database Buffers     8.4289E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers       112766976 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

##此時備庫的數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)恢復(fù)到轉(zhuǎn)變snapshot standby時間點
SQL> select database_role,open_mode,db_unique_name,flashback_on from v$database;

DATABASE_ROLE  OPEN_MODE      DB_UNIQUE_NAME         FLASHBACK_ON
---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY      testdbms            NO

SQL> select * from scott.emp;

   EMPNO ENAME   JOB       MGR HIREDATE          SAL    COMM   DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH   CLERK      7902 1980-12-17 00:00:00    800          20
ALLEN   SALESMAN    7698 1981-02-20 00:00:00    1600    300     30
WARD    SALESMAN    7698 1981-02-22 00:00:00    1250    500     30
JONES   MANAGER     7839 1981-04-02 00:00:00    2975          20
MARTIN   SALESMAN    7698 1981-09-28 00:00:00    1250    1400     30
BLAKE   MANAGER     7839 1981-05-01 00:00:00    2850          30
CLARK   MANAGER     7839 1981-06-09 00:00:00    2450          10
SCOTT   ANALYST     7566 1987-04-19 00:00:00    3000          20
KING    PRESIDENT      1981-11-17 00:00:00    5000          10
TURNER   SALESMAN    7698 1981-09-08 00:00:00    1500     0     30
ADAMS   CLERK      7788 1987-05-23 00:00:00    1100          20
JAMES   CLERK      7698 1981-12-03 00:00:00    950          30
FORD    ANALYST     7566 1981-12-03 00:00:00    3000          20
MILLER   CLERK      7782 1982-01-23 00:00:00    1300          10
rows selected.


SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect;

Database altered.

SQL> select * from scott.t;

  DEPTNO DNAME     LOC      ADDR
---------- -------------- ------------- ------------------------------
ACCOUNTING   NEW YORK
RESEARCH    DALLAS
SALES     CHICAGO

    
SQL> select database_role,open_mode,db_unique_name,flashback_on from v$database;

DATABASE_ROLE  OPEN_MODE      DB_UNIQUE_NAME         FLASHBACK_ON
---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY WITH APPLY testdbms            NO

(5)閃回歸檔(增加、修改、重命名、刪除表的列、truncate表、修改表的約束、以及修改分區(qū)表的分區(qū)規(guī)范)

3、閃回注意事項

(1)數(shù)據(jù)庫閃回需要在mounted下進行，并且open時需要使用resetlogs

(2)閃回DROP只能用于非系統(tǒng)表空間和本地管理的表空間，外鍵約束無法恢復(fù)，對方覆蓋、重命名需注意

(3)表DROP，對應(yīng)的物化視圖會被徹底刪除，物化視圖不會存放在recyclebin里

(4)閃回表，如果在做過dml，然后進行了表結(jié)構(gòu)修改、truncate等DDL操作，新增/刪除結(jié)構(gòu)無法做閃回

(5)閃回歸檔，必須在assm管理tablespace和undo auto管理下進行

(6)注意閃回區(qū)管理，防止磁盤爆滿，閃回區(qū)空間不足等

(7)主庫做庫的閃回，會影響備庫，需要重新同步

(8)snapshot standby 不支持最高保護模式

三、備注

1、相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)字典

V$FLASHBACK_DATABASE_LOG ##查看數(shù)據(jù)庫可閃回的時間點/SCN等信息 V$flashback_database_stat ##查看閃回日志空間記錄信息

2、常用查詢語句

(1)查看數(shù)據(jù)庫狀態(tài)

SQL> select NAME,OPEN_MODE ,DATABASE_ROLE,CURRENT_SCN,FLASHBACK_ON from v$database;

NAME OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE CURRENT_SCN FLASHBACK_ON
------------- -------------------- ---------------- ----------- ------------------
TESTDB READ WRITE PRIMARY 16812246 YES

(2)獲取當前數(shù)據(jù)庫的系統(tǒng)時間和SCN

SQL> select to_char(systimestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS') as sysdt , dbms_flashback.get_system_change_number scn from dual;

SYSDT SCN
------------------- ----------
2017-12-14 14:28:33 16813234

(3)查看數(shù)據(jù)庫可恢復(fù)的時間點

SQL> select * from V$FLASHBACK_DATABASE_LOG;

OLDEST_FLASHBACK_SCN OLDEST_FLASHBACK_TI RETENTION_TARGET FLASHBACK_SIZE ESTIMATED_FLASHBACK_SIZE
-------------------- ------------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------------
16801523 2017-12-14 11:35:05 4320 104857600 244113408

(4)查看閃回日志空間情況

SQL> select * from V$flashback_database_stat;
BEGIN_TIME END_TIME FLASHBACK_DATA DB_DATA REDO_DATA ESTIMATED_FLASHBACK_SIZE
------------------- ------------------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------
2017-12-14 14:34:53 2017-12-14 14:56:43 1703936 9977856 1487872 0

(5)SCN和timestamp裝換關(guān)系查詢

select scn,to_char(time_dp,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')from sys.smon_scn_time;

(6)查看閃回restore_point

select scn, STORAGE_SIZE ,to_char(time,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') time,NAME from v$restore_point;

(7)閃回語句

a.閃回數(shù)據(jù)庫

FLASHBACK DATABASE TO TIMESTAMP to_timestamp('2017-12-14 14:28:33','yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS');;
flashback database to scn 16813234;

b.閃回DROP

其中table_name可以是刪除表名稱，也可以是別名

flashback table table_name to before drop;
flashback table table_name to before drop rename to table_name_new;

c.閃回表

flashback table table_name to scn scn_number;
flashback table table_name to timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 14:28:33','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');

d.閃回查詢

select * from table_name as of timestamp to_timestamp('2017-12-14 14:28:33','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
select * from scott.dept as of scn 16801523;

e.閃回快照

create restore point before_201712151111 guarantee flashback database;

flashback database to restore point before_201712151111;

(7)閃回空間爆滿問題處理

請參照基于ORA-19815閃回空間爆滿問題的處理方法

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