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如何搭建 MySQL 高可用高性能集群
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MySQL NDB Cluster 是什么

MySQL NDB Cluster 是 MySQL 的一個高可用、高冗余版本，適用于分布式計算環(huán)境。
文檔鏈接

搭建集群的前置工作

至少準備 3 臺服務器，一臺作為管理服務器，兩臺作為數(shù)據(jù)服務器和 SQL 服務器，當然有更多的服務器會更好。

管理服務器mgm：192.168.0.105
數(shù)據(jù)服務器ndb1：192.168.0.106
數(shù)據(jù)服務器ndb2：192.168.0.104
sql服務器：192.168.0.106
sql服務器：192.168.0.104

開始部署集群

首先下載 MySQL NDB Cluster二進制文件，解壓縮后開始下面的步驟。

部署管理服務器

更新系統(tǒng)

apt update -y  apt upgrade -y  apt install libncurses5 -y

復制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到管理服務器

scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndb_mgm* mgm@192.168.0.105:/home/mgm

在管理服務器復制 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夾

cp -rfv /home/mgm/ndb_mgm* /usr/local/bin

賦予 ndb_mgm 和 ndb_mgmd 可執(zhí)行權限

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndb_mgm*

添加配置文件

mkdir /var/lib/mysql-cluster
vi /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini

config.ini

[ndbd default]
# Options affecting ndbd processes on all data nodes:
NoOfReplicas=2                     # Number of fragment replicas
DataMemory=98M                     # How much memory to allocate for data storage

[ndb_mgmd]
# Management process options:
HostName=192.168.0.105             # Hostname or IP address of management node
NodeId=1                           # Node ID for this Management node
DataDir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster     # Directory for management node log files

[ndbd]
# Options for data node "A":
                                  # (one [ndbd] section per data node)
HostName=192.168.0.104            # Hostname or IP address
NodeId=2                          # Node ID for this data node
DataDir=/data/mysql-cluster/data          # Directory for this data node's data files

[ndbd]
# Options for data node "B”:
                                # (one [ndbd] section per data node)
HostName=192.168.0.106          # Hostname or IP address
NodeId=3                        # Node ID for this data node
DataDir=/data/mysql-cluster/data        # Directory for this data node's data files

[mysqld]
# SQL node options:
HostName=192.168.0.104       # Hostname or IP address
                             # (additional mysqld connections can be
                             # specified for this node for various
                             # purposes such as running ndb_restore)

[mysqld]
# SQL node options:
HostName=192.168.0.106       # Hostname or IP address
                             # (additional mysqld connections can be
                             # specified for this node for various
                             # purposes such as running ndb_restore)

開啟防火墻，集群管理服務默認使用 1186 端口

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 1186
ufw enable

初始化并啟動管理服務器

cd /usr/local/bin/
ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1

當出現(xiàn)以下結果的時候，表示管理服務器已經(jīng)啟動成功了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgmd --initial --configdir=/var/lib/mysql-cluster -f /var/lib/mysql-cluster/config.ini --ndb-nodeid=1
MySQL Cluster Management Server mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17

我們再執(zhí)行 ndb_mgm 命令，可以查看當前集群的狀態(tài)

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)]	2 node(s)
id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)]	1 node(s)
id=1	@192.168.0.105  (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)]	2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

部署數(shù)據(jù)服務器

在所有數(shù)據(jù)服務器上執(zhí)行以下操作

更新系統(tǒng)

apt update -y  apt upgrade -y  apt install libncurses5 -y

開啟防火墻

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 2202
ufw enable

復制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到數(shù)據(jù)服務器

#復制到192.168.0.106
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1

#復制到192.168.0.104
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/bin/ndbmtd ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2

在管理服務器復制 ndbd 和 ndbmtd 到/usr/local/bin 文件夾

#192.168.0.106
cp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbd /usr/local/bin
cp -rfv /home/ndb1/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin

#192.168.0.104
cp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbd /usr/local/bin
cp -rfv /home/ndb2/ndbmtd /usr/local/bin

賦予 ndbd 可執(zhí)行權限

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbd
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ndbmtd

在/etc下加入my.cnf文件

vi /etc/my.cnf

my.cnf文件

[mysqld]
# Options for mysqld process:
ndbcluster                        # run NDB storage engine

[mysql_cluster]
# Options for NDB Cluster processes:
ndb-connectstring=192.168.0.105  # location of management server

創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)保存的目錄，必須與管理服務配置的路徑一致

mkdir -p /data/mysql-cluster/data

啟動數(shù)據(jù)服務

root@ndb1:/usr/local/bin# ndbd
2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] INFO     -- Angel connected to '192.168.0.105:1186'
2021-06-20 08:10:23 [ndbd] INFO     -- Angel allocated nodeid: 3

回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態(tài)，此時可以看到數(shù)據(jù)服務已經(jīng)連接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, starting, Nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

在另一臺服務器（192.168.0.104）重復 4、5、6、7 步驟的操作，結果可看到

root@ndb2:/usr/local/bin# ndbd
2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel connected to '192.168.0.105:1186'
2021-06-20 08:20:10 [ndbd] INFO -- Angel allocated nodeid: 2

回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態(tài)，此時可以看到所有數(shù)據(jù)服務已經(jīng)連接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)
在目錄/data/mysql/data下面可以看到數(shù)據(jù)服務已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了數(shù)據(jù)
root@ndb1:~# ls /data/mysql/data/
ndb_3_fs ndb_3_out.log ndb_3.pid

部署 SQL 服務

復制 MySQL 到SQL服務器

scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb2@192.168.0.104:/home/ndb2
scp ./mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz ndb1@192.168.0.106:/home/ndb1

解壓縮 MySQL, 然后復制到/usr/local目錄

tar -zxvf mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
cp -rfv mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/
ln -snf /usr/local/mysql-cluster-gpl-7.6.17-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql

cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin
source /etc/profile

開啟防火墻

ufw allow 22
ufw allow 3306
ufw enable

創(chuàng)建 MySQL 數(shù)據(jù)存放的目錄

mkdir -p /data/mysql/data
mkdir -p /data/mysql/run
mkdir -p /var/log/mysql

創(chuàng)建 mysql 用戶，創(chuàng)建相關目錄

groupadd mysql
useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/data
chmod 750 /data/mysql/data

chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/run
chmod 750 /data/mysql/run

chown mysql:mysql /var/log/mysql
chmod 750 /var/log/mysql

創(chuàng)建 MySQL 配置文件

mkdir -p /etc/mysql
vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf
my.cnf
[mysqld]
# Options for mysqld process:
ndbcluster # run NDB storage engine

pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock
datadir = /data/mysql/data
# log-error = /var/log/mysql/error.log
# By default we only accept connections from localhost
bind-address = 192.168.0.106
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links = 0

[mysql_cluster]
# Options for NDB Cluster processes:
ndb-connectstring = 192.168.0.105 # location of management server

[client]
socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock

初始化MySQL

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql

記錄下 MySQL 初始化生成的 root 用戶密碼 sF#Hy,IuT6d#

root@ndb1:~# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
2021-06-20T12:23:26.874302Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-06-20T12:23:27.102146Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-06-20T12:23:27.145317Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-06-20T12:23:27.154405Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 50a15854-d1c2-11eb-9792-000c29681e23.
2021-06-20T12:23:27.155927Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-06-20T12:23:28.339372Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-06-20T12:23:28.624534Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: sF#Hy,IuT6d#

啟動MySQL

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql

修改 root 用戶密碼

mysqladmin -uroot -p'sF#Hy,IuT6d#' password '123456'

回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態(tài)，此時可以看到有一個 SQL 服務已經(jīng)連接上了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.104)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

在另一臺服務器（192.168.0.104）部署 SQL 服務，回到集群管理服務器查看集群狀態(tài)，此時可以看到所有 SQL 服務已經(jīng)連接成功

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

所有集群服務部署完畢，我們來測試一下集群是否真的部署成功

在 192.168.0.106 的 MySQL 上創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫和表

CREATE DATABASE `wechat`;
CREATE TABLE wechat.user (
Column1 varchar(100) NULL,
Column2 varchar(100) NULL
)
ENGINE=ndbcluster
DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;
插入數(shù)據(jù)并查看
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| ndbinfo |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| wechat |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
Empty set (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert wechat.user (Column1, column2) value ('1', '2');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在另一個 SQL 服務器查詢，結果是成功的

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| ndbinfo |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| wechat |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
Empty set (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

現(xiàn)在我們把其中一個數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點關掉，在管理服務器我們看到 ndbd已經(jīng)關閉一個了

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

寫入一筆數(shù)據(jù)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into wechat.user (Column1, column2) value ('3', '4');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在另一臺 SQL 服務器查詢，結果還是一致的

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我們再關閉 192.168.0.106 SQL服務

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 (not connected, accepting connect from 192.168.0.106)

在 192.168.0.104 的 SQL 服務寫入一筆數(shù)據(jù)

mysql> insert into wechat.user (Column1, column2) value ('5', '6');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 5 | 6 |
| 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2 |
+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

啟動 192.168.0.106 的數(shù)據(jù)服務和SQL服務

root@mgm:/usr/local/bin# ndb_mgm
-- NDB Cluster -- Management Client --
ndb_mgm> show
Connected to Management Server at: localhost:1186
Cluster Configuration
---------------------
[ndbd(NDB)] 2 node(s)
id=2 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0, *)
id=3 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17, Nodegroup: 0)

[ndb_mgmd(MGM)] 1 node(s)
id=1 @192.168.0.105 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

[mysqld(API)] 2 node(s)
id=4 @192.168.0.104 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)
id=5 @192.168.0.106 (mysql-5.7.33 ndb-7.6.17)

在 192.168.0.106 查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)生故障期間產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)同步了過來

root@ndb1:~# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.33-ndb-7.6.17-cluster-gpl MySQL Cluster Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> select * from wechat.user;
+---------+---------+
| Column1 | Column2 |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 2 |
| 5 | 6 |
| 3 | 4 |
+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.08 sec)

數(shù)據(jù)庫集群部署成功了，總結一下集群的注意事項

  1. 創(chuàng)建表的時候，需要設置ENGINE=ndbcluster，具體請看上面的建表腳本。
  2. 每個 SQL 服務需要創(chuàng)建一樣的用戶密碼
  3. 管理服務器不能全部發(fā)生故障，否則集群數(shù)據(jù)庫操作失敗。
  4. 數(shù)據(jù)服務器不能全部發(fā)生故障，否則集群數(shù)據(jù)庫操作失敗。
  5. SQL 服務器發(fā)生故障期間建立的數(shù)據(jù)庫，在恢復后不會自動同步新建數(shù)據(jù)庫過來，需要手動在故障恢復后的服務器上創(chuàng)建同名數(shù)據(jù)庫，之后數(shù)據(jù)才會自動同步過來。
  6. 只要管理服務器和數(shù)據(jù)服務器越多，故障發(fā)生時，才能保證數(shù)據(jù)安全的寫入，才不會導致數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)不可用。
  7. SQL 服務器越多，把數(shù)據(jù)庫訪問的請求通過負載均衡服務分攤到各個 SQL 服務器，才能承受更多的并發(fā)量。
  8. 集群啟動必須按照以下順序依次啟動，管理服務->數(shù)據(jù)服務->SQL服務。

以上就是如何搭建 MySQL 高可用高性能集群的詳細內容，更多關于搭建 MySQL 高可用高性能集群的資料請關注腳本之家其它相關文章！

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